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宾语从句
1、宾语从句
本课侧重的是由特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句的用法，主要的疑问词有if/whether/how/why/what/when/where等。如：
I don't know when I'll finish.
My wife wants to know if Mary needs any help. I don't know what you're
talking about.
Is that you, John? Yes, speaking. 注意打电话时的习惯用语。如果电话接通后，要找某人接电话，一般可以说：May I
speak to sb.? 也可以像课文里这样直接询问对方是否就是你要找的人：Is that you, sb.?
如果接电话的人正是对方要找的人，则可回答：This is sb.
speaking.或者简单回答：Speaking。原文中的speaking就是简短回答，其完整形式为：This is John speaking.
Tell Mary we'll be late for dinner this evening. 1)tell sb.
sth.，tell为双宾动词，可以改为：tell sth. to sb.。但是，当直接引语为句子时，只能用tell sb. sth.(从句)的结构 2)be
late for，迟到。
I'm afraid I don't understand. I'm
afraid后接宾语从句，省略了连接词that。这是形容词后接宾语从句的用法，that一般都会省略。如：I'm sure he will come here
on time tomorrow. 需要注意的是，当I'm
afraid要翻译成中文时，不要译为“我恐怕”，而要译为“恐怕”，这样比较符合中文的表达习惯。
Hasn't Mary told you? She invited Charlotte
and me to dinner this evening.
1)Hasn't...?，反问句，一般不需要回答。 2)invite sb. to
sth.，邀请某人到某场合(如吃饭或聚会)。需要注意的是，如果邀请后面接的是动作，则采用：invite sb. to do
sth.。可拓展invite的名词invitation。
I said I would be at your house at six o'clock,
but the boss wants me to do some extra work.
1)I said I would...，可复习一下间接引语的用法。 2)be at，到达，相当于arrive at。 3)do extra
work，加班。
I'll have to stay at the office.
I don't know when I'll finish.
1)will have to，必须。 2)when引导的是宾语从句，注意从句的语序要采用陈述句语序。
Oh, and by the way, my wife wants to know
if Mary needs any help.
1)by the way，顺便说一声。
2)if引导的是宾语从句。与其他疑问词不一样的是，当if或whether用来连接宾语从句时，其直接引语原句是一般疑问句，而不是特殊疑问句。比如，课文里的这句话的直接引语应该是：Does
Mary need any help? 3)need在此用作实义动词，直接后接名词。可以复习一下need作为情态动词和实义动词的用法及其区别。
I don't know what you're talking about. what引导的是宾语从句，在从句中充当about的宾语。
That is John Smith, isn't it? Yes, I'm John Smith. 注意打电话时，指代对方时多用that
is来指代you are。
You are John Smith, the engineer, aren't you?
That's right.
注意the engineer用作John Smith的同位语，而且用逗号隔开，起到强调作用，强调的是身为工程师的那个John Smith。
You work for the Overseas Engineering Company, don't you? No, I don't.
1)work for，在哪儿工作、为谁工作。 2)overseas，海外。注意别漏了s。
I'm John Smith the telephone engineer
and I'm repairing your telephone line.
the telephone engineer用作John Smith的同位语。用逗号隔开，朗读时重读，以起到强调作用。
主语从句的用法
一、定义
在句子中担当主语的从句，就叫主语从句。通常放在主句谓语动词之前，或由形式主语it代替、而本身放在句子末尾。
二、连接词
根据主语从句所缺句子成分的情况，主语从句会由不同的连接词连接，常见的连接词有：that、if/whether、连接代词、连接副词和what。
三、that引导的主语从句
(一)
当主语从句本身不缺成分时，就会使用that来连接。此时，that只起连接作用，但不能省略。如：
That he will come to our village tomorrow surprises us all.
(他要来我们村，让我们都感到很惊讶。)
That she used to be a spy is known to all. (大家都知道，她过去是个间谍。)
这种情况下，因为主语从句往往比谓语部分更长，会导致整个句子头重脚轻，所以经常会用it作为形式主语来替换主语从句，而把主语从句放到句末。此时，that也只起连接作用，但可以省略。比如，以上两个句子就存在这个问题，所以一般都会改为：
It surprises us all (that) he will come to our village tomorrow.
It is known to all (that) she used to be a spy. (二)
That she is our English teacher is true. (她是我们的英语老师，是真的。)
That he has been there twice is a fact. (他去过那儿两次了，是真的。)
这两句话如果改为一般疑问句时，不能这么改：
错误：Is that she is your English teacher true?
错误：Is that he has been there twice a fact?
Is it true that she is your English teacher?
Is it a fact that he has been there twice?
(三)
is+形容词/名词/名词短语等+that主语从句”中，如果is后面的表语是表示重要或必要等(如important、necessary、a
necessity等)含义时，that从句中的谓语动词一般要采用“should+do”的虚拟语气形式，should经常省略。如：
It is imperative that we (should) make a quick decision. (我们要尽快做出决定。)
It is necessary that we (should) learn English well. (我们必须学好英语。)
四、if/whether引导的主语从句
当主语从句本身含有是否的意思时，连接词必须用if或whether。但是，如果主语从句位于句首时，只能用whether，不能用if。如：
Whether it will do good to us remains to be seen. (是否对我们有害还要看一看。)
这种情况下，因为主语从句也比较长，会导致头重脚轻的情况，所以也经常用形式主语it来代替，而把主语从句放到句末去。此时，连接词除了用whether外，也可以用if。如上面的句子就可以改为：
It remains to be seen if/whether it will do good to us.
再比如：
Whether the band would visit our city was still a mystery.
(这个乐队是否会来我们城市仍然是个谜。)
上面的句子可以改为：
It was still a mystery if/whether the band would visity our city.
常用来连接主语从句的连接代词有：who、whom、whose、which、whoever、whomever、whichever等。这些连接代词在从句中有的作主语，有的作宾语，有的作定语。如：
作主语：Who won the game hasn't been announced yet. (谁赢得了比赛，还没宣布。)
作宾语：Whom you talked to just now will be confirmed later.
(你刚才跟谁说话了，之后会证实的。)
作定语：Whichever nation explodes an atomic bomb will engage the whole world in
为了避免头重脚轻，这种情况下的主语从句也经常用形式主语it来代替，而把主语从句放到句末。但是，连接代词始终都不能省略。如上面的两句话可以改为：
It hasn't been announced yet who won the game.
It will be confirmed later whom you talked to just now.
It will engage the whole world in war whichever nation explodes an atomic
bomb.
能够用来连接主语从句的连接副词主要有：when、where、why、how等。这些连接副词在主语从句中作状语。如：
When they will arrive at the station doesn't matter. (他们何时到站没有什么关系。)
How the accident happended is still unknown. (这场事故是怎么发生的，还不清楚。)
Why he was absent from the meeting remains a mystery.
(他为什么没有参加会议仍然是个谜。)
Where I will spend my summer is none of your business. (我在哪里过暑假不关你的事。)
It doesn't matter when they will arrive at the station.
It is still unknown how the accident happended.
It remains a mystery why he was absent from the meeting.
It is none of your business where I will spend my summer.
七、what引导的主语从句
与that不同的是，what除了可以引导主语从句起连接作用外，还同时在从句中充当主语或宾语。如：
作主语：What really matters is that she needs a shower at once.
(真正重要的是，她得马上冲个澡。)
作宾语：What I am worried about is their taking my son to France.
有的时候，whatever也可以用来连接主语从句。如：
Whatever you do makes no difference to me. (你做什么对我来说都没区别。)
需要注意的是，当what或whatever引导主语从句时，一般不能改为由形式主语it来引导的句子。
give in
I won't give in in any instance. ( 在任何情况下我都不会屈服。)
The enemy were forced to give in. (敌人被 迫投降。)
He told me plump that he would not give in. (他直截了当告诉我,他决不让步。)
Give in your examination papers now. (现在把考卷交上来。)
【注意】
give in后面会再接介词to，表示“屈服于”。如：
Give in your examination papers now. (现在把考卷交上来。)
The employer is obliged to give in to his employee. (雇主被 迫向他的雇员们让步。)
give away
该短语表示“赠送;背叛”。如：
He decide to give away everything he possessed and become a monk.
He gave away his books to a circulating library. (他把自己的书籍损赠给一家循环图书馆。)
She gave away state secrets to the enemy. (她将国家机密泄露给敌人了。)
He was given away by one of his accomplices. (他被他的一个同谋者出卖了。)
give up
She won't give up easily: she's a real fighter. (她不会轻易放弃的，她十分顽强。)
He will give up smoking for good and all. (他再也不吸烟了。)
He had to give his passport up to the authorities. (他得把护照交给.)
【注意】
give oneself up to sb.，表示“向某人投降”。如：
Three of our officers gave themselves up to the enemy. (我方的三名军官向敌人投降了。)
give back
I must give back the two books to the library before Friday.
Living here has given back my health. (在这里居住使我恢复了健康。)
更多常用的give短语
(一)give off/give out
这两个短语都表示“发出;散发”，两者经常可以互换，但如果非要加以区分，give off多指发出可见的东西，如光或烟雾等，而give
out多指发出不可见的东西，如气味或热量等。如：
When wine is fermented it gives off bubbles of gas. (酒发酵时会放出气泡。)
The radiator is giving out a lot of heat. (散热器释放出很多热量。)
【注意】
give out也可以表示“公布”。如：
The news of the President's death was given out in a radio broadcast.
(总统逝世的消息已在电台上播出了。)
(二)give rise to
Her disappearance gave rise to the wildest rumours. (她失踪一事引起了各种流言蜚语。
Many of these obligations can give rise to problems and complications.
(许多这样的义务会引起各种问题和纠纷。)
(三)give birth to
The ewe gave birth to only one lamb. (这母羊只产了一个羊羔。)
The traffic accident gave birth to a chain of events. (交通事故引起了一连串的事件。)
put up 该短语较为常用的意思是“搭建;张贴”。如：
搭建：They are putting up several new buildings in that block.
(他们正在那一街区建几幢楼房。)
张贴：The names of the successful candidates will be put up on the College
notice board. (录取名单将公布在学院布告栏里。)
【注意】
当put up后面跟的宾语表人时，往往表示“给某人提供住宿”。注意当宾语是代词时，要放在put和up中间。如：
We can put you up for the night. (我们可以招待你过夜。)
put out 该短语表示“扑灭;发表”。如：
扑灭：Far water does not put out near fire. (远水救不了近火。)
发表：The government put out a warning against flood. (政府发出了预防水灾的警告。)
put on 该短语主要表示“穿上;戴上”。如：
The man put on his smock and went out. (那人穿上罩衫，然后走了出去。)
【注意】
put on常和air连用，构成短语put on air，表示“装腔作势;摆架子”，也可用作put on airs。如：
He can't stand for those who put on airs. (他不能容忍摆架子的人。)
put up with 该短语表示“容忍”，相当于stand或bear。如：
I have no mind to put up with any nonsense. (我不想容忍任何胡言乱语。)
put down 该短语表示“镇 压;写下”。如：
镇 压：The military were called out to put down the riot. (军队奉召出动去镇 压暴 动。)
写下：Make sure that you put down every word she says. (切实要记下她说的每一个字。)
put off 该短语主要表示“推迟”。如：
Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. (今日事今日毕。)
put away 该短语主要表示“放好”。如：
This vase wasn't wiped out properly before it was put away.
(这个花瓶没擦干净就收起来了。)
(一)put forward
These foreigners have put forward a proposal for a joint venture.
(二)put through
该短语主要表示“接通(电话)”，其宾语常为电话或人，而且基本都放在put和through中间。如：
I will put the call through for you now. (我马上为您接通电话。)
(三)put in
该短语主要表示“插入”。如：
He put the key in the lock and turned it. (他把钥匙插入锁里转动。)
be made in
The clavichord was made in Germany.
本句话的意思是：这架古钢琴产自德国。
生活中我们经常会说到的Made in China(中国制造)，其实就是这个短语用法。原本Made in
China给人的感觉就是低廉低质的产品，但随着这些年中国制造行业的不断发展，相信Made in China的内涵已经开始发生根本变化了!
be made of
该短语表示“由...组成”，介词of后面接的是组成成分。需要注意的是，of后面大多接的是构成某物的原料，而且这种原料在做成成品之后是可见的，只是经过了物理变化处理的结果。如：
The tea pot is made of silver.
本句话的意思是：这个茶壶是银制的。也就是说，银是这个茶壶制作的原料，而且做成茶壶后，其原料银是可见的。
be made from
该短语也表示“由...组成”，介词from后面接的也是组成成分。需要注意的是，与be made
of不同，from后面接的原料，在做成成品之后往往是不可见的，是经过了化学变化的处理的结果。如：
Glass is made from sand and lime.
本句话的意思是：玻璃是由沙和石灰制成的。也就是说，沙和石灰是玻璃制作的原料，但是做成玻璃后，其原料沙和石灰都不可见了。
be made by
This cake was made by my sister.
本句话的意思是：这个蛋糕是我姐姐做的。
be made up of
这个短语没有在教材中提及，但因为较为常用，所以也在此一并梳理。该短语表示“由...组成”，但与be made of和be made
from不同的是，介词of后面接的是事物的组成部分，而不是原料。如：
The group was made up of doctors.
本句话的意思是：这个团体是由医生组成的。该句中医生是这个团队的成员，而不是成分或原料。
★ 新概念英语第一册第99-100课:Ow!
★ 新概念英语第一册第105-106课:Full of mistakes
★ 新概念英语第一册第7-8课:Are you a teacher?
★ 新概念英语第一册第69-70课:The car rac
★ 新概念英语
★ 新概念英语第一册第41-42课:Penny's bag
★ 新概念英语第一册第101-102课:A card from Jimmy
★ 新概念英语第一册第139-140课:Is that you, John?
★ 新概念英语第一册
