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直译是一种重要的翻译方法,它有不少优点,例如能传达原文意义 ,体现原文风格等。据估算,大约 70%的句子要用直译方法来处理,所以直译广为译者采用,由此可见直译法之要。但是,直译具有一定的局限性。例如译文有时冗长罗唆,晦涩难懂,有时不能正确传达原文意义,有时甚至事与愿违。所以,如果不顾场合条件,不顾中外两种语言的差异,一味追求直译,就必然闯红灯,进入误区,造成误译。直译之所以有误区,是因为语言的形式与内容,句子的表层结构与深层意义有时不统一;另一方面,中外文 化历史背景不同,造成了不同的思维方式和不同的语言表达形式。不少人批评过直译硬译,指出过直译有局限性,但是直译到底有哪些局限性,它都表现在什么地方。英语直译至少有五大误区,明确这些误区,就要在翻译中避免一些错误,就可在直译行不通的地方采用意译。
英语中有一些不同的否定句型,其中有一些句型不能完全采用直译法进行翻译,否则,就会造成误译,甚至与原意背道而驰,下列几种否定句型值得注意:
I do not know all of them.
误:对他们我都不认识。
正:对他们我不是个个都认识。
All the answers are not right.
误:所有答案都不对。
正:答案并非全对。
Every body wouldn't like it.
误:每个人都不会喜欢它。
正:并不是每个人都会喜欢它。
It is a long lane that had no turning.
误:那是一条没有弯的长巷。
正:无论多长的巷也有弯的地方(路必有弯,事必有变)。
It is a wise man that never makes mistakes.
We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.
It was not until years afterwards that he heard of Semmelweis.
误:没过几年他就听到了 Semmelweis 的消息。
正:直到数年之后他才听到 Semmelweis 的消息。
二、长句直译的误区
在较长的英语句子中存在着比较复杂的关系,很难按原则顺序用一句汉语表达出来,这就要根据英文句子的特点和内在联系进行意译,不能直译的长句主要有三种处理方法。
1. 根据句子内在的逻辑关系和汉语的表达习惯进行翻译。例如:
There are advantages to underground life, too, and something to be said for imaging who le cities, even mankind generally, moving downward, of having the outermost mile of the Earth's crust honeycombed with passage and strue-ture, like a gigant ic ant hill.
这是一个倒装句,表示设想条件与结果关系,按这一关系来译比直译好 :家似的建筑物,一座座城市都迁入地下,甚至全人类都迁入地下生活,这也会给人类带来很多好处。
The chances are that the dwellers of the new caves would see more greenery, under ecologically healthier condit ions, than dwellers of surface cities do today.
这个句子并不复杂,但不好译。这个句子有三层关系,比较、条件和结果,按这种逻辑关系翻译就十分省事。同今天地面城市里的居民相比,新洞穴里的居民如果在比较健康的生态环境中生活,会有更多的机会见到青枝绿叶。
2、有些长句需要直译与意译结合,顺译与递译结合,需要综合处理。
But a broader and more generous, certainly more philosophical, view is held by those scientists who claim .that the evidence of a war instinct in men is incomplete and misleading, and that man does have within him the power of abolishing war.
这个句子的主句部分可以意译,从句部分可直译。有些科学家的观点更开阔,更富有普遍性和哲理性。他们指出,有关人类战争本能的证据尚不完全,而且容易引起误解,事实上,人类自身具有消除战争的能力。
It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up astonishing enterprisesand rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences , which she bears unto this day .
这个句子虽长,结构不复杂,如果进行直译,其译文将十分逊色,如果进行综合处理,译文将有声有色地传达原文的神韵。那里的人们富于大无畏的开创精神,建立庞大的企业,敢冒风险,势如破竹,一干到底,不顾及成本,因此为加利福尼亚赢得了声誉。
Textile finishes have in general become a "no-no" in today's market place ,thanks to many reasons ,says a represen tative of fiber producer.
一位纤维厂家代表说,由于许多原因,纺织物整理剂在今天的市场上已经到无人的问津的地步。
How much easier, how much more satisfying it is for you who can see to grasp quickly the essential qualit ies of another person by watching the subtleties of expression, the quiver of a muscle, the flutter of a hand.
比较起来,你们这些有视觉的人,通过观察表情的微妙变化,肌肉的颤动和手势来迅速把握别人的基本品质,则是何等容易,保等满意啊!
同汉语一样,英语写作中大量运用修辞手段,其中有不少辞格类似于汉语机同辞格的表达方式,因此可以直译。但有一些英语辞格很难用直译方式表达清楚,即便是同一辞格,由于处于不同场合,有的能直译,有的则不能直译。下列几种情况有时不宜直译:
1、比喻:有的比喻可以直译,有的则不能,这往往取决于汉语的表达习惯。例如:
At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes.
如果把 stunning ,porcelain-faced woman 译作"一位迷人的 陶瓷般脸蛋的妇女"就显得粗俗滑稽,但是不是作者的本意。这时意译就比较好。在通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女,涂脂抹粉、细皮嫩肉、身着和服、十分迷人,她叫我脱下鞋子。
The girl is a dead shot.
这位姑娘是神枪手。(不能译作"死射手")
After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery grounds.
他的上部小说失败之后,声誉一落千丈。(不能译为"站在滑动的场地上了。")
2、有些借喻不能直译
He went west by stage coach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and s ilver fever in Nevada's Washoe Region.
正:他乘公共马车到了西部,卷入了淘金热和淘银热。
The rather arresting spectacle of little o ld Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.
误:古老的小日本漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间的引入景象是和服与超短裙之间的不断斗争的象征。
正:式样古老小巧的日本房屋像小船一般,漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间,这引入注目的景象象征着旧传统和新发展之间的不断斗争。考生如果怕自己错过考试报名时间和考试时间的话,可以 免费预约短信提醒,届时会以短信的方式提醒大家报名和考试时间。
3、引典。如果是尽人皆知的典故。可以直译,不必加说明,如果多数人不知道,最好是意译,或者直译加注释。He met his Waterloo.句中 meet one's Waterloo 是成语典故,由 拿破仑在 Waterloo 遇到惨败而来,所以要意译。"他吃了大败仗"
I asked whether for him ,the arch anti-communist, this was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon.句中 bowing down in the House of Rimmon 是成语典故,
表示表面上与宗教信仰一致,但心里却有不同的政治主张,这是口是心非。Rimmon 是大马士革人所崇拜的神。House of Rimmon 借指英国的下院。如果将这个典故直译,表达不出原意。"我问道,作为头号.人物(邱吉尔 ),他这样做是否言行不一,口是心非 。"
四、习语成语中的误区
英语中有丰富的习语成语,增强了语言的表达能力。其中大部分可以直译,或用汉语中相应的习语套用。
例如:the open door policy 开放政策,the cold war 冷战,to fish in troubled waters
混水摸鱼,strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁,at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟。但是还有一些习语成语必须意译才能表达出其正确含义。
She was born with a siver spoon in her mouth.
她长生在富贵之家。
You're talking through your had again.
你又在胡说八道了。
You should keep your nose out of here.
你别管闲事。
Good to begin well ,better to end well.
要善始善终。
有些词汇在某些场合下具有了新义,如果直译就会曲解原意。所以,要根据语言环境确定具体词义。英语中词义的发展变化十分常见。
He is the last its roses and thorns.
他最不配干这件事。
Every life has its roses and thorns.
人生有苦有甜。
The wedding ,which Heyward still remembered with pride ,was attended by a
who's who of Boston Society.
赫华德仍然记得,参加婚礼的人中有波士顿的一位社会名流,这使他感到十分得意。从上述例句可以看出,有些词在某些场合或结构中具有特殊的意义,例如 the last, who'swho,有的词用其比喻的意义,如 roses and thorns ,有的词在特殊场合与句型中词义发生了递转,如 yes,no,有的词义有了引伸或发展。总而言之,一个词的具体意义要依其所处的场合、条件、意识和句型而定,不可捕风捉影。直译与意译各有所长、要用其所长。进行直译时要防止进入误区,在有误区的地方要采用意译,使直译与意译相互补充,只有这样才能取得比较理想的效果。
They provide a means by which wealthy people and corporations can in effect decide how their tax payments will be spent.
基金会提供了一种方式,可以让有钱人和大公司能实际支配花去税款的方式。
But the most skeptical Gates of the new millennium is someone who evinces a passion for giving and government aid.
Now, the debate has shifted away from the ethics of baby-making and toward the morality of cloning embryos for their cells and tissues, which might be used to treat diseases.
现在,争论已经从制造婴儿是否违背伦理,转到为提取用于治疗疾病的细胞和组织而克隆胚胎是否违背道德。
But such self-interest is hardly enlightened.
The project budget sustains both the existence of graduate students and the fiscal solvency of the univers ity.
研究生是否存在,大学是否存在资金偿还能力,这些都取决于项目预算。
Collectively, the Asian Countries will have a larger economy than the rest of the world put together.
From a small beginning at the turn of the century ……
Inside these nations there will be mass prosperity, but with a large minority in serious poverty, and a small number who are very rich.
这些国家虽然呈现出欣欣向荣的态势,但其中还有许多处于极端贫穷的弱势人口,还有少部分人口极端富有。
The major feature of project money, whether its source is government or business, is that it is given on a contractual basis, a different contract for each project, so that the investigator’s independence rests upon his capacity to secure a succession of contracts.
无论来自于政府或商界,项目资金的重要特点是其建立在契约上,即不同的项目可以争取相同的项目资金,因此调研人员要取得独立,就必须得到连续的研究项目。
The resulting patchwork of laws, people on all sides of the issue say, complicates a nationwide picture already clouded by scientific and ethnical questions over whether and how to restrict cloning or to ban it altogether.
在克隆问题上各方人士认为,关于是否限制克隆、如何限制克隆或索性禁止克隆的科学及伦理问题,已经使全国性立法变得扑朔迷离。而如今各种东拼西凑的法律,只会使全国性立法形成步履维艰。
A law that goes into effect on Jan.1 allows computer users in the state to refuse unwanted solicitations en masse and sue spammers who violate their wishers for as much as $1 million.
1 月 1 日,加州通过一条法律,使得计算机用户有权拒收垃圾邮件,并对邮件发送者提出诉讼,要求最高达一百万美元的赔偿。
I do not know all of them.
误:对他们我都不认识。
正:对他们我不是个个都认识。All the answers are not right. 误:所有答案都不对。
正:答案并非全对。Everybody wouldn''t like it. 误:每个人都不会喜欢它。
正:并不是每上人都会喜欢它。
It is a long lane that had no turning.
误:那是一条没有弯的长巷。
正:无论多长巷也有弯地方(路必有弯,事必有变)。
It is a wise man that never makes mistakes.
We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.
It was not until years afterwards that he heard of Semmelweis.
误:没过几年他就听到了 Semmelweis 消息。
正:直到数年之后,他才听到 Semmelweis 消息。
1. 比喻:有比喻可以直译,有则不能,这往往取决于汉语表达习惯。例如:
At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes. 如 果 把 a stunning ,porcelain-faced woman 译作"一位迷人陶瓷般脸蛋妇女"就显得粗俗滑稽,但是不是作者本意。这时意译就比较好。"在通往餐厅门口有一位妇女,涂脂抹粉、细皮嫩肉、身着和服、十分迷人,她叫我脱下鞋子。"
The girl is a dead shot.
这位姑娘是神枪手。(不能译作"死射手")
After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery grounds.
他上部小说失败之后,声誉一落千丈。(不能译为"站在滑动场地上了。")
2. 有些借喻不能直译
He went west by stage coach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevada''s Washoe Region.
误:他乘公共马车到了西部,患了瓦肖地区金银发烧流行病。正:他乘公共马车到了西部,卷入了淘金热和淘银热。
The rather arresting spectacle of little o ld Japan adrift amid beig e concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the min iskirt.
式样古老小巧日本房屋像小船一般,漂游在灰棕色钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间,这引人注目的景象象征着旧传统和新发展之间不断斗争。
3. 引典。如果是尽人皆知典故。可以直译,不必加说明,如果多数人不知道,最好是意译, 或者直译加注释。
He met his Waterloo.
句中 meet one's Waterloo 是成语典故,由拿破仑在Waterloo 遇到惨败而来,所以要意译。"他吃了大败仗"。
I asked whether for him, the arch anti-communist ,this was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon.
句中 bowing down in the House of Rimmon 是成语典故,表示"表面上与宗教信仰一致,但心里却有不同政治主张",这是口是心非。Rimmon 是大马士革人所崇拜的神。House of Rimmon 借指英国下院。如果将这个典故直译,表达不出原意。"我问道,作为头号.人物(邱吉尔),他这样做是否言行不一。
习语成语中的误区
英语中有丰富的习语成语,增强了语言表达能力。其中大部分可以直译,或用汉语中相应的习语套用。例如:the open door policy 开放政策,the cold war 冷战,to fish in troubled waters 混水摸鱼,strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁,at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟。但是还有一些习语成语必须意译才能表达出其正确含义。
She was born with a siver spoon in her mouth.
她出生在富贵之家。
You''re talking through your head again.
你又在胡说八道了。
You should keep your nose out of here.
你别管闲事。
Good to begin well, better to end well.
要善始善终。
有些词汇在某些场合下具有了新义,如果直译就会曲解原意。所以,要根据语言环境确定具体词义。英语中词义发展变化十分常见。
He is the last person for such a job.
他最不配干这件事。
Every life has its roses and thorns.
人生有苦有甜。
The wedding, which Heyward still remembered with pride,was attended by a who''s who of Boston Society.
赫华德仍然记得,参加婚礼人中有一位波士顿的社会名流,这让他感到十分得意。
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