雅思阅读文章通读方法讲解 ,全文阅读有必要。小编给大家带来了雅思阅读文章通读方法讲解，希望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
浏览文章是雅思阅读的必备策略。做题时，通常先阅读题目，然后通过题目中的关键词到文章中定位，最后找到答案。但是若遇到某些题型，单纯依靠定位就不合时宜了，即使侥幸做对，那也是自欺欺人。
例如目前颇有大展其鼓之势的段落细节配对题。简而言之，此题型就是出题者给出一个细节，然后要求答题者找出细节所在的相应段落。若用定位法，势必整段逐行搜寻，耗时耗力，效率等同于通读全文，更何况有时还未必能找到题干中的相同词语，而是需要靠做题者自己去归纳。
例如“剑四”52页30题题干“a description of the mental activities which are exercised and developed during play”，在文章相关段落中很难甄别出上述信息。还有T/F/NG题中，虽然题目顺序与原文答案出现顺序一般保持一致，但也不能完全排除顺序打乱的情况出现，例如“剑五”19页8-13题。要做出这些题，那就非读文章不可了。
那么雅思文章该怎么读呢?首先，我们来看看雅思权威考官Vanessa Jakeman和Clare McDowell两位专家是怎么说的：“When you go to university or college you may be overwhelmed by the amount of reading you are expected to do. You will have to do a lot of this reading on your own and you will need to be able to read discriminatingly. This means you will need to have the skills required to focus in on the information that is important to you and to skim through the information that isn’t.”按照他们的说法，雅思阅读就是考察学生在读长文章时筛选信息的能力，即read discriminately，知道哪些是重要信息必须细读，哪些是无用的，可以忽略。
雅思考题的设计思路不仅是为了测试考生的语言水平，更在于帮助考生培养起一套适合英联邦大学教学观念的学习方法。
在英国念文科的同学都会有这样一种共识，那就是一学期要看很多书，写很多essay，有的同学虽然很刻苦，整日地泡在图书馆里做书虫，但还是读不完reading list中的必读书。再对比周围英国同学，他们不见得比我们刻苦，却很能掉书袋，写出的essay理论功底更深。
学习效率的高低正是由阅读方法的差异造成的。中国学生从小接受英语精读教学，咬文嚼字，看书喜欢一页页地细嚼慢咽。就个人阅读习惯而言，这种读法无可厚非，但若是做学问，这就不是正确的方法了。而英国学生读书，总是先浏览目次、摘要等信息，然后阅读索引，找寻需要的信息，所以他们一本书通常读一天甚至于几小时就够了。同样雅思的文章，也没必要逐字逐句的读，而是要了解作者行文时的构思以及写文章要达到的目的。如果做题前就能对文章的思路了如指掌，那就好比站在了作者的高度，定位时也就不会出现无的放矢的碰运气了。
有的同学也许会有这样的疑问，雅思文章题材五花八门，行文艰深晦涩，要看懂都不容易，怎样能在几分钟内，梳理出作者的写作思路呢?对于这个问题我们知道，雅思文章的学术性虽然决定了它的深度，但另一方面也决定了相对固定的文章结构。
因为学术是严谨的，在形式上它有一套严格的规范(the established academic caliber)。就学术范畴的文章而言，其观点可以犀利独到，但论证必须缜密，所以文章层次结构相比起他体裁是稳定的。换言之，学术文章有点八股文的味道。那么我们就可以利用这点迅速掌握文章结构继而掌握思路了。
文章的性质决定了文章的结构。在《剑桥雅思》的前言中，关于阅读有这样一段话: “The passages are on topics of general interest. At least one text contains detailed logical argument.” 据笔者观察，所有雅思文章都可以分为两大类：介绍性的学术说明文和论辩性的学术论文。
Part I
Reading Passage 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on
Reading Passage1 below.
The Triumph of Unreason?
A.
Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational
beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract
maximum benefit (or “utility”, in economist-speak) from any situation.
Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational.
But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the
emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.
B.
The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense. For situations met
frequently in the past, such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting or
fleeing from threats, the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and
cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome. Since
emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes,
evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for
utility in these cases. But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery
has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity?
C.
One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, an
economist at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh. In particular, he
suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a
way that encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point he has teamed up
with two psychologists, Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec
of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to look at what happens in the
brain when it is deciding what to buy.
D.
In a study, the three researchers asked 26 volunteers to decide whether to
buy a series of products such as a box of chocolates or a DVD of the television
show that were flashed on a computer screen one after another. In each round of
the task, the researchers first presented the product and then its price, with
each step lasting four seconds. In the final stage, which also lasted four
seconds, they asked the volunteers to make up their minds. While the volunteers
were taking part in the experiment, the researchers scanned their brains using a
technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This measures
blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain, as an indication of its
activity.
E.
The researchers found that different parts of the brain were involved at
different stages of the test. The nucleus accumbens was the most active part
when a product was being displayed. Moreover, the level of its activity
correlated with the reported desirability of the product in question.
F.
When the price appeared, however, fMRI reported more activity in other
parts of the brain. Excessively high prices increased activity in the insular
cortex, a brain region linked to expectations of pain, monetary loss and the
viewing of upsetting pictures. The researchers also found greater activity in
this region of the brain when the subject decided not to purchase an item.
G.
Price information activated the medial prefrontal cortex, too. This part of
the brain is involved in rational calculation. In the experiment its activity
seemed to correlate with a volunteer's reaction to both product and price,
rather than to price alone. Thus, the sense of a good bargain evoked higher
activity levels in the medial prefrontal cortex, and this often preceded a
decision to buy.
H.
People's shopping behaviour therefore seems to have piggy-backed on old
neural circuits evolved for anticipation of reward and the avoidance of hazards.
What Dr Loewenstein found interesting was the separation of the assessment of
the product (which seems to be associated with the nucleus accumbens) from the
assessment of its price (associated with the insular cortex), even though the
two are then synthesised in the prefrontal cortex. His hypothesis is that rather
than weighing the present good against future alternatives, as orthodox
economics suggests happens, people actually balance the immediate pleasure of
the prospective possession of a product with the immediate pain of paying for
it.
I.
That makes perfect sense as an evolved mechanism for trading. If one useful
object is being traded for another (hard cash in modern time), the future
utility of what is being given up is embedded in the object being traded.
Emotion is as capable of assigning such a value as reason. Buying on credit,
though, may be different. The abstract nature of credit cards, coupled with the
deferment of payment that they promise, may modulate the “con” side of the
calculation in favour of the “pro”.
J.
Whether it actually does so will be the subject of further experiments that
the three researchers are now designing. These will test whether people with
distinctly different spending behaviour, such as miserliness and extravagance,
experience different amounts of pain in response to prices. They will also
assess whether, in the same individuals, buying with credit cards eases the pain
compared with paying by cash. If they find that it does, then credit cards may
have to join the list of things such as fatty and sugary foods, and recreational
drugs, that subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable at the time
but can have a long and malign aftertaste.
Dec 13th 2006
From The Economist print edition
1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology: solid, reliable and
just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century, but
then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective
idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to
it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it.
This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when
refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, cooling
buildings. Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration.
Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to
replace them.
2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like
batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and
they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of
tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, for
example, a person, and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be
used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the
inverse of this process. That inverse exists, however. Apply an appropriate
current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.
3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko, of
Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his
colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any
previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a
laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.
4 As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little
hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting
his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners.
The real money, though, may be in cooling computers.
5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long
time. One consequence of Moore's Law, which describes the doubling of the number
of transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produced
doubles as well. In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing in
number, the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical
operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is,
the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.
And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's
company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last
"single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.
6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation
and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃,
they stop working. Tweaking the processor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium
boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the
fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from
single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first
two, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems to
have the end of the road in sight.
7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon, the
thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity
from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike
paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.
8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in
which electrons can flow freely, but the path of phonons--heat-carrying
vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In
practice, this trick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thus
less efficient than paraelectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by Dr
Mischenko). Nevertheless, Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions
in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit
on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri, of the
University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller--so small that
they can go inside the chip.
9 The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less
techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple
launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through
little channels in the processor, and thence to a radiator, where it gives up
its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in
Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make
sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the
heat exchange takes place. In the future, therefore, a combination of
microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.
The old, as it were, hand in hand with the new.
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