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1. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.
这样一来最终的结果便是业余爱好者想在专业地质学期刊上发表文章就更难了，广泛使用的论文评审推荐制度又进一步强化了这一结果。评审推荐制度最早被使用于在19世纪的国家级刊物上，后又在20世纪被几家地方级地质学刊物所采用。
2. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
一个颇为类似的分化过程让全国的专业地质学家走到一起，组成了一两个专业学术社团，另一方面，业余地质爱好者们倾向于要么仍留在地方社团，要么以其他方式组成全国性机构。
3. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
遗憾地讲，这次新闻机构可信度调查只得到了一些含金量低的发现，比如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误。调查结果中还交织着一些令人搔首顿足的问题，譬如读者到底想读些什么。
4. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&M wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands.
我认为，巨大的并购浪潮背后的最重要的推动力同时也促成了全球化的进程：即降低交通运输成本，逐渐减少贸易投资壁垒，以及大幅度拓展市场，这些都要求更大的经营管理规模，以满足消费者需求。
5. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family."
一次侧面攻击伤害了我的自尊，阻碍了我事业的发展，这个攻击并不光明磊落，它让我不得不抛弃了那份引人注目的工作。尽管，在表面上，我还要以一个蒙受屈辱的政府部长的姿态，宣称"我只不过是想多和家人呆在一起" ，掩盖我的退出。
6. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.
凯尔西不堪积劳重负，公开地辞去她在《她》杂志社的编辑一职，之后她发现：放弃那种"为生活忙碌"的人生信条，转而追求比较悠闲的生活，这带给你的回报远远大于赚大钱和社会地位。我也意识到了这一点。
7. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline -- after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late '80s - and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
在美国，这一返朴趋势是因经济的衰落而开始的——那是在八十年代末期裁员而引起大量的失业之后一一这种趋势还和提倡节俭的政纲相关;而在英国，最起码在我所熟识的中产阶级返朴归隐者中，追求简约生活的原因就多种多样了。
8. For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the '90s, down-shifting in the mid' 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one -- as a personal recognition of your limitations.
对于我这一代曾在整个九十年代为生活奔波的女人来说，90年代中期出现的归隐恬退与其说是寻求一种神话般的美好生活——用有机肥种植蔬菜，并且冒着放弃一切的风险——不如说是我们清醒地认识到了自己能力有限。
9. If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman' s notorious bad taste in ties.
如果你是你讲话对象群体中的一员，那么你就能够了解你们普遍都有的经历和问题，那么顺口评价一下餐厅中难以下咽的食物、或是老总总所周知的恶俗领带品位也并非不合适。
10. There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy -- far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米以下的脑部和骨骼手术——这要比极具技巧的医生单单靠双手做手术精确得多。
1.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.
但是，对一个小部分学生来说，专业培训也是条可取的路径。因为在其他因素相同的情况下，娴熟的技能是得到工作与否的关键因素。
2. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment -- although no one had proposed to do so -- and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令联邦政府基金不得被用于此类试验——尽管还没有人要求这么做——他还请一个以普林斯顿大学校长哈罗得·夏皮罗为首的独立的专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。
3. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning".
在5月17日的会议上所讨论的这份建议书的序言草案中，夏皮罗提出，专家组已经达成广泛共识，那就是"试图通过成人细胞核克隆来制造人类幼儿的做法在道德上是不可接受的"。
4. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
因为现今的联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦基金克隆胚胎(人类的后代在出生前最早的阶段)用于研究、或者用于有意地威胁胚胎的生命，NBAC在胚胎研究上将保持沉默。
5. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.
如果试验是像科学杂志上的报告所示的那样如实地根据规划实施的话，那么对管理层来说，期待研究能够产生有经济效应的结果是完全合理的。
6. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.
审查者完全有理由相信，知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科学家不会因为必须一直关注着他们的进账而分散了实验的注意力。
7. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."
如果科学家在做实验时跟在写报告时一样步骤规范、遵守要求，那么管理层就不该因歧视研究者中"思维与众不同的人"、喜欢其中思想较为传统的"善于团队合作"的人而受到指责了。
8. The grand mediocrity of today--everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring--means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe.
当今人与人在很大程度上的平等——即面对自然淘汰法则人人机会均等，并且连生育孩子的数目都一样——意味着和在印度土著部落中的情况相比，自然淘汰在印度中上层阶级中已丧失了80%的优势。
9. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.
当艺术领域的一个新运动发展成某种流行时尚时，最好应该弄清这场运动倡导者的真正意图，因为，不管他们的原则在今天看来多么牵强无理，很可能多年以后他们的理论会被视为正常。
10. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be, even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature.
然而就未来主义诗歌来说，情况则不这么简单了，因为不管未来主义诗歌是什么——就算承认它的理论基础都是正确的——这种形式也很难被归入文学。
1. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least' a few decisions for themselves -- goals that pose a real challenge.
但是如果机器人要达到节省人工的下一个阶段，它们将必须能够在更少的人力监督之下工作，而且还要能够自己作出一些决策——这些目标是真正的挑战。
2. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 8 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.
但是只要迅速地瞟一眼快速改变的画面，人类的大脑就能立刻处理掉8%的不相关部分，并且马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林小径边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。
3. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 18, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25 - 0.5% of GDP.
经济合作与发展组织在其最近的《经济瞭望》中估计，如果石油一年的平均价格为每桶22美元，而不是18年的每桶13美元相比，这也只会给富裕的经济体增加0.25%-0.5%的石油进口开销。
4. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 70s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.
另外一个不应因油价上涨而辗转难眠的原因是，这次上涨不像70年代的那些次上涨，它并不是在商品价格普遍暴涨和全球需求过旺的背景之下发生的。
5. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects -- a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen -- is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
判决的结果是：宪法中并没有规定在医生帮助下自杀的权利。尽管如此，最高法院实际上支持了被称为"双重效果"的医疗原则;这条道德原则已经传承了几个世纪，原则认为一个行为会有两种效果——一个想要达到的好的效果和一个已经被预见到的有害的效果。最高法院实际上认为如果初衷是好的，那么这个行为是能被允许的。
6. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
Nancy Dubler，Montehore医疗中心的主任，认为这一原则将会保护这样一些医生，他们“到目前为止还强烈坚持认为，如果会加速病人死亡的话，他们就不能够给病人足量的镇痛剂来控制他们的疼痛，”。
7. On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted -- suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
在另一个层面上，很多医疗界的人承认，关于医生帮助下的自杀的讨论如此热烈的部分是因为病人的绝望情绪，对他们来说，现代医学已经延长了临死前的身体痛苦。
8. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care.
对疼痛的治疗不足，盲目地使用"无效的、强迫性的、有可能延长死亡时间、甚至让死亡过程中让病人感到不光彩的医疗手段"，这被它视为生命临终护理的双重问题。
9. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing new.
换句话说，在媒介机构的新闻采编室文化中存在着一套约定俗成的写作模式，这种模式为新闻报道提供了主干框架以及可直接套用的叙述结构。若没有这些，新闻内容就会一团混乱，让人摸不着头脑。
10. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.
如果新闻界真的注意到了问题的关键，它就应该进一步开放其多样化项目，这个项目现在还只单纯考虑招收不同种族和性别的员工，但应该进一步寻找那些世界观、价值观、教育水平和社会阶层大相径庭的各种记者。
1. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.
还有一些商业模式为以上三种主要模式的综合体，如延迟开放模式，即这些期刊前六个月只允许付费者阅读论文，之后才免费提供给所有想阅读的人。
2. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.
这些年来，参加主要职业棒球赛运动员的身材发生了显著变化，俱乐部的经理们更乐意修改队服来满足日益增多的更高、更壮的运动员的需要。
3. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.
比如，经济方面的变化使得青年的就业机会更少，加之失业率的普遍上升，这越发使得赚钱的工作日益难找。
4. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human languages, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exits no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.
作为一名语言学家，他承认所有种类的人类语言，包括不规范的语言，如黑人英语，都具有强大的表达能力——世界上没有一种语言或方言不能表达复杂的意思。
5. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.
对动物和人类的研究表明：性激素会以某种方式影响对压力的反应，使处于压力下的雄性比处于相同条件下的雄性产生更多的触发不良反应的化学物质。
6. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.
有些人类学家认为，几乎每项重要的文化成就都是少数特别有天赋的民族所发明创造的。根据传播论者的看法，这些发明后来传播到了其他的文化中。
7. More, recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.
最近，研究者在调查房屋建筑业时发现，尽管建筑行业的工作非常复杂，但是德克萨斯州休斯顿市的那些不识字、不会说英语的墨西哥工人却总能达到劳动生产率的最高标准。
8. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.
举例来说，只要上溯三代，一个人就会有八个曾父母，或者上溯四代，就会有十六位曾曾祖父母，即便如此，这种 DNA 只能揭示一到两位祖先的基因信息。
9. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religion hope—all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing." and I will be your God and you shall be my people.
他打开圣经，告诉父亲他读到的第一行字将决定他的命运，接着读到了以下神奇的文字：“从他们中间走出来，不要沾不干净的物，我将成为你们的神，你将是我的子民。”在决定性的时刻，他的性困惑、经济困难以及宗教期待——所有的一切都交织在一起。
10. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1926, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.
除了大约九十位左右在 1692 年之后的十年间来到马塞诸塞教堂的博学的牧师之外，还有像约翰·温斯洛普这样的政治领袖。在来波士顿之前，他是一位受过高等教育的绅士、律师，同时还是皇室的官员。
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