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1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
美国的经济基本是以私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济下，消费者在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费，在很大程度上决定了什么应该被制造出来。
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求、商人试图最大化其利润的欲望、个人想最大化其收入效用，这三种欲望相结合，决定了什么应该被制造出来，也决定了如何用资源来制造它们。
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能的供给，这样反过来又降低了价格，让更多的消费者购买产品。
4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如制定一个产品价格的权利、与另一个私人个体(经济单位) 自由签定合同的权利。
5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.
同时这些计算机记录下哪些时段是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且计算机也能找到促销活动的对象顾客。
6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
从剧院到杂志出版商，从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶处理厂，不计其数的其他商业企业，都通过使用计算机给消费者带来更好、更高效的服务。
7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
残疾儿童在许多方面都与其同龄人十分不同。为了让这些孩子在成长过程中充分发展潜能，他们的教育必须适应这些不同。
8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
在过去的30年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的情绪，那就是所有的公民，不管其情况有多特殊，都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。
9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.
它(广告)能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格迅速分销出去，这样(公司)可以建立稳固的国内市场，同时也使提供更具有竞争力出口价格变成可能。
10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.
即使议会没有27条规范广告的法案，任何一个正式的广告商也都不敢推销一种无法兑现其在广告中承诺的商品。
1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
这样非个人的对资金和产业的巨大操纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他们作为一个阶级的重要性，这些资金代表着国民生计中以不负责任手段获取的财富。他们不但没有负起土地拥有者的责任，而且也几乎同样没有负起作为公司管理者的责任。
2. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城镇大批涌现，给大量"享受主义"阶级提供居住场所。这些人早年赚得了丰厚的收入，现在已经退休。他们除了分红和偶尔参加一下股东大会，向管理层口授一下自己的命令之外，跟社区的其他阶层毫无瓜葛。
3. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.
这样的"股东"对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知，而且他们对劳资双方的关系产生的影响并不是积极的。
4. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.
公司花钱雇来的职业经理人与工人以及他们需求的关系更加直接，但是就连他对工人们的了解也往往并不是私人间的了解。而在现在正在消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长式的制度下，雇主们却往往和他们的工人之间有这样的私人关系。
5. Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.
在许多形成因素当中，我将单独讨论我们国家优秀的小学教育，其他因素有：善于学习新技术的劳动者们：奖励发明者的做法;还有最重要的因素，是美国人对技术非言语的、发散的思维的天赋。
6. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process...The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist".
正如尤金·弗格森所指出的："技术专家考虑的是不能被简化成能用清楚的语言描述的东西。这些东西在他的思维中是通过一种视觉的、非语言的过程处理的……设计者和发明者……能够在他们的脑中装配并操作那些还不存在的装置。"
7. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea".
罗伯特·法欧特曾经这样写到："一个技师会沉浸在杠杆、螺丝钉、楔子、 轮子等等当中，如同一个诗人沉浸在字母表的字母中，他们把这些字母看成自己思想的显现，每种新的安排都传达了一种新的思想。"
8. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.
在最后三章中，他将神造论者好好批判了一顿。他描述了他们的活动和战术，而且，对于那些对神造论者的做事方式不熟悉的人来说，神造论者的欺骗和扭曲事实的程度可能会令这些人瞠目结舌。
9. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
在这本好书的封面上，史蒂芬·杰伊·古尔德写道："这本书本身就代表理性。"而它确实是这样的——而且如果理性成为神造论/地化论之间的辩论中的惟一评判标准的话，一切就都好办了。
10. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.
经过了六个月的争论以及最后16个小时激烈的议会辩论，澳大利亚北部地区当局成为了世界上第一个允许医生给希望死去的绝症病人实施安乐死的立法当局。
1. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.
跟世界上的大多数火山不同的是，它们(热点)并不总是在构成地球表面巨大漂流板块之间的边界上出现;相反，它们中有许多位于一个板块纵深的内部。
2. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior.
这些大陆板块的相对运动原因已经能够被详细地表述出来，但是这些板块的相对运动还不能轻易地解释为它们相对于地球内部的运动。
3. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures(cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.
火山穹丘不断扩大，裂缝也开始产生。至少在一些例子中，整个大洲的分离都是从这些裂缝开始的，这样热点就导致了新大洋的形成。
4. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的——比如对药物相互作用的危险提出的警告——许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的，然而(我们)并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。
5. At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.
与此同时，美国法律研究所——由一群法官、律师和学者组成，他们建议的影响举足轻重——发布了新的民事伤害法令指导方针，称公司不必提醒顾客注意显而易见的危险，也不必连篇累牍地一再提请他们注意可能会出现的危险。
6. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.
但是，在过去的一年间，软件公司已经开发出工具，公司可以直接将信息"推"给顾客，把营销讯息直接传给目标顾客。
7. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.
像Virtual Vineyards，Amazon.com这样的先驱网站表明，一个将交互性、热情服务和安全性合理结合，销售适合商品的网站是可以吸引网上客户注意的。
8. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.
有些人为了学生的就业前景为教室里放置电脑而辩，有些人为教育的彻底改革中更为宽泛的理由为教室里放置电脑而辩，这两群人之间有一道无形的界线。
9. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.
我们更应该具有的是作为美国公民的观念，要认识到公民如果不能恰当地认识到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到自身之外的事物的影响，那么他就不能称得上是一个完完全全的公民。
10. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
另外，在我们这么一个大国里，经济延展到这么多的州、涉及到这么多的国际公司，因而要按照数量培养出所需的各类专业人员是不大可能的。
1. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, "Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."
但是让人感到不快的是，我们从注释中得知某诗行讲述的是一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在桥上动手打架并双双掉进河里的事情，而后我们却发现该行诗中不过只充斥着"扑通，扑通，185公斤重"这类对他们落水时的动静以及对军官们体重的描写时。
2. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-domiated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Janpan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
战后婴儿潮的一代的步入成年，女性打入男性主导的劳动力市场，这限制了青少年的发展机会。青少年已经在不停地质疑，为了爬上日本国内那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯，他们做出的巨大个人牺牲到底值不值得。
3. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarII had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents".
去年担任教育部长职务的濑户光夫争辩说，二战后占领日本的美国当局引入了自由主义革新，削弱了日本民族"尊敬父母的道德品质"，舆论一片哗然。
4. With economic growth has come centralization: fully 6 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households.
随着经济的增长，集中化出现了：全国1.19亿公民中整整6%的人口定居城市：在城市中，原来的社区和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒弃，取而代之的是与外界疏于往来的、只由两代人组成的核心家庭。
5. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.
如果野心就是具有生命力，那么这传统必会为众多人传承;尤其会受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睐——在这些人中受过良好教育的可不占少数。
6. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs--the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.
当然，人们现在对成功及各种所谓成功的标志的兴趣似乎并不亚于先前。消夏别墅、欧陆旅行、宝马车——地点、地名以及品牌或许会有变化，但这类事物在今天被人渴求的程度也似乎不会亚于一二十年前。
7. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.
相反，我们被看做是虚伪的人，这样的人似乎比以前的任何时候都更多：批判美国式物质主义的人却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑山庄;激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅享用一日三餐;倡导人们时刻参与到民主制中的记者，他的子女却就读于私立学校。
8. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professional and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values.
科学领域的专业人员和业余爱好者之间划不出泾渭分明的界线：因为任何规则都有例外。然而，"业余"一词的确意味着相关人员不能充分融入科学界，尤其是不能分享到科学界产生的价值。
9. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.
很自然，对于那些数学或实验基础尤为重要的自然学科领域来说，这种趋势表现得最为明显，英国地质学的发展就可以证明这一点。
10. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.
将过去一个半世纪英国地质学领域的出版物做一下比较(我们)就会发现，不仅是对科研的主导地位的强调在不断攀升，一篇说得过去的科研论文所应该包含的内容也有所变化。
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