TOEFL新政后阅读和听力的评分标准

They possess drought-resisting adaptations: loss of water through the leaves is reduced by mean s of dense hairs covering waxy leaf surfaces, by the closure of pores during the hottest times to reduce water loss, and by the rolling up or shedding of leaves at the beginning of the dry season.

词汇讲解：

waxy /'wæksɪ/ adj. 蜡色的，蜡状的

pore /pɔː/ n. 气孔，毛孔

shed /ʃed/ vt. 使(某物)脱落﹑ 剥落;使(某物)流出

结构划分：

They possess drought-resisting adaptations: loss of water (through the leaves) is reduced (by means of dense hairs)(covering waxy leaf surfaces), (by the closure of pores)(duringthe hottest times) (to reduce water loss), and (by the rolling up or shedding of leaves) (at the beginning of the dry season).

深度分析：

这个句子的主干部分就是：

They possess drought-resisting adaptations: loss of wateris reduced

注意后面并列了3个介词结构：by means of…, by the closure of .., and bythe rolling up…

修饰一：(through the leaves)，介词，修饰loss of water

中文：经过叶子

修饰二：(by means of dense hairs)，介词

中文：通过的浓密的绒毛

修饰三：(covering waxy leaf surfaces)，非谓语动词，修饰haris

中文：覆盖在蜡质叶子表面

修饰四：(by the closure of pores)，介词短语

中文：关闭气孔

修饰五：(during the hottest times)，介词短语

中文：在最热的时间

修饰六：(to reduce water loss)，非谓语动词

中文：减低水分散失

修饰七：(by the rolling up or shedding of leaves)，介词短语

中文：通过卷起或脱落叶子

修饰八：(at the beginning of the dry season)，介词短语

中文：在干旱季初期

参考翻译：

他们拥有抵抗干旱的适应性：覆盖在蜡质叶子表面的浓密的绒毛、在温度最高时关闭气孔以减少水分流失以及在干旱季初期通过卷起或脱落叶子，都可以减少经过叶片的水分的流失。

以上就是托福阅读中长难句的训练分析介绍，希望大家能够学到有效的训练和提升方法，让自己更为轻松地面对长难句得到高分。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：植物的根部及类似结构

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

They include roots or rootlike structure s, a waxy cuticle that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water, and pores called stomata in leaves and stems that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss.

词汇讲解：

waxy /'wæksɪ/ adj. 蜡状的

cuticle /'kjʊtɪkl/ n. ‘植物’角皮，角质层;表皮，外皮

scarce /skeəs/ adj. 不足的，稀有的

结构划分：

They include roots or rootlike structures, (a waxy cuticle)(that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water), and pores (called stomata)(in leaves and stems)(that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss).

深度分析：

这个句子的主干就是：

They include roots or rootlike structures and pores

修饰一：(a waxy cuticle) ，同位语

中文：一种蜡状角质层

修饰二：(that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water) ，从句，修饰a waxy cuticle

中文：覆盖在叶子和茎表面并且限制水分蒸发

修饰三：(called stomata) ，修饰pores

中文：称之为气孔

修饰四：(in leaves and stems) ，介词短语

中文：在叶子和茎上

修饰五：(that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss) ，从句，修饰pores，但是注意这个从句里还有三个修饰成分。