雅思阅读的难度是逐年的水涨船高。今天小编给大家带来了雅思阅读各题型4个技巧亲授 ,希望能够帮助到大家,下面小编就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。
雅思阅读中的段落信息配对题一直是同学们取得高分的拦路虎。我们先来分析一下这种题型的特点和难点。配对题考察的重点只有一个,那就是同义替换。配对题看似简单,因为只要找到信息在那一段落就可以了,不需要像判断题那样的深度
理解和逻辑判断。但是,尤其对于阅读功底不强的同学,这种题目非常棘手。同学们会发现有的题目和原文对应的出题句样子长的一点都不一样,没有任何一个词是原词出现,但他们确实表达的一个意思。例如,剑桥雅思4第三套题第三篇文章中的配对题28题,题目是the importance of taking notes of body language,文中对应的句子却是the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’swritten comments of the non-verbal behavior of the participants. 这两个句子没有一个词是一样的,但细心的同学能发现很明显的三组同义替换那就是重要性、肢体语言、做笔记。因为配对题改写严重的特点,配对题的定位词很难确定,许多在判断题中不会改写的名词在配对题中也被改的面目全非。再加上配对题的出题顺序没有任何规律可言,还经常出现NB----一个段落里包含两个题目信息,所以这种题型蒙对的概率非常低。原则上来讲,配对题每做一道题都需要全文通读,因为每一题都可能在文中的任何位置。
配对题的难度是显而易见的,但是再难的题,我们也能把握其出题规律,找到最高效、快捷的做出尽可能多答案的方法。这种题在考场上我们肯定是没有时间去读很多遍文章的,我们必须做到文章读一遍,所有的题目就处理完了。绝大多数的配对题都是细节题,因此我们都要从题目入手,找到关键词。又由于名词也可能被替换成其他词,所以我们要采用多点撒网,重点抓鱼的策略,把题目中所有的信息词(包括名词、动词、形容词和副词)都划下来,同时记住题目的整体意思。做题过程中,阅读功底不强的同学,可以采取只用扫读的方法,没扫一段或者几句话就回到题目中看看有没有出现所划的信息词。有出现信息词,适当对这句话做点精读,一般答案就可以确定了。阅读功底强的同学,可以采取用略读加扫读的方法,在读懂段落句子大意的同时注意是否有原词出现,发现意思相近或原词出现,适当做精读确定答案。但不管阅读功底强和不强的同学,大家都要记住一个原则:做题的时候要心静,要特别细致,做到能够确定自己没读的一句话确实有或者没有题目信息。这样读完一遍文章后,我们就把自己能做的题都做出来了,做不出来的题我们再回头读很多遍也还是做不出来的,因为只要过程做的仔细,做不出来的题目就是我们不认识的替换,看再多遍也是不能帮助我们确定答案的。
以上是我们对配对题的具体应对方法,在实际做题当中我们还应当注意以下几点。1、配对题题目全部是以名词短语形式出现,略读和扫读时要尤其注意段落中的主语。2、注意把握文章结构信息,文章段落之间的逻辑结构关系有时也能帮助我们确定每段大致信息内容。3、做同篇文章其他题型时,注意题目出题点在文章的位置分配,出题密度小的段落往往就是配对题出题点。
方法技巧的运用都是要建立在同学们的阅读功底和基础上的,试想同学们可以读英文文章如流水,再配上我们的做题方法,配对题还能是难题么?所以大家在平时学习中要多注重对自己阅读功底的培养,尤其是主干略读法的掌握,很大程度上决定你能多快、多准的做题。大家在平时训练中可以注重训练对整篇文章主干大意的摄取,培养略读能力,这样对提高配对题准确率乃至整个雅思阅读分数都有很大推动作用。
标题题(List of Heading)
List of Heading也就是我们大家熟悉的标题题了。这种题型是唯一一种出现在文章前面的题型。而且,这种题是一种考察文章大意的题型而不是细节题。标题题由两部分组成,一部分是选项,另外一部分是一个段落编号,我们要做的也就是给每个段落找一个小标题。所对应的段落也分为两种情况,一种是所考察的section包含若干个小分段;另一种则只包含一个小段。
标题题是一种高频题型,平均每两次考试会出现一次,有时甚至连续出现。然而,此种题型比较难,是乱序题,而且要求考生总结段落大意,对学生来说要求较高。
List of Heading解题步骤
划去选项中的例子,以及原文中例子所对应段落的序号这种题型有的时候会给例子,有的时候没有例子在剩余的选项中划取关键词关键词应尽量划取名词以及形容词注意是否有相似或相反的标题,若有则至少有一个会是正确答案扫读并总结文章所考查的每个section的中心思想重点看所考查小段的第一句,第二句和最后一句,划出主题句的关键词段落中间部分快速浏览即可对应两组关键词,以确定答案
注意事项乱序性,即正确答案在原文中无顺序可言有简单有难,有的答案一目了然,有的答案却反复推敲都难以确认着重注意转折,并列等连接词适当运用排除法,越到最后就越要应用该法答案不会出现重复使用现象,每个选项只会使用一次做出一道题就划去一道题正确答案具有概括性与总结性干扰项一般是一些小细节,新概念段落高频词理论一段话中反复出现的名词或形容词当一个文章段落在10行以内时,出现2次及为高频词,当一个文章段落在11行以上时,出现3次即为高频词。
例题
PRACTICE PASSAGE List of Headings
i Causes of volcanic eruption
ii Efforts to predict volcanic eruption
iii Volcanoes and the features of our planet
iv Different types of volcanic eruption
v International relief efforts
vi The unpredictability of volcanic eruptions
从上述6个选项中为Section A, B, C, D选择合适的heading.
Volcanoes – earth-shattering news
When Mount Pinatubo suddenly erupted on 9 June 1991, the power of volcanoes past and present again hit the headlines
A Volcanoes are the ultimate earth-moving machinery. A violent eruption can blow the top few kilometres off a mountain, scatter fine ash practically all over the globe and hurt rock fragments into the stratosphere to darken the skies a continent away.
But the classic eruption – cone-shaped mountain, big bang, mushroom cloud and surges of molten lava – is only a tiny part of a global story. Volcanism, the name given to volcanic processes, really has shaped the world. Eruptions have rifted continents, raised mountain chains, constructed islands and shaped the topography of the earth. The entire ocean floor has a basement of volcanic basalt.
Volcanoes have not only made the continents, they are also thought to have made the world’s first stable atmosphere and provided all the water for the oceans, rivers and ice-caps. There are now about 600 active volcanoes. Every year they add two or three cubic kilometres of rock to the continents. Imagine a similar number of volcanoes smoking away for the last 3,500 million years. That is enough rock to explain the continental crust.
What comes out of volcanic craters is mostly gas. More than 90% of this gas is water vapour from the deep earth: enough to explain, over 3,500 million years, the water in the oceans. The rest of the gas is nitrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. The quantity of these gases, again multiplied over 3,500 million years, is enough to explain the mass of the world’s atmosphere. We are alive because volcanoes provided the soil, air and water we need.
B Geologists consider the earth as having a molten core, surrounded by a semi-molten mantle
and a brittle, outer skin. It helps to think of a soft-boiled egg with a runny yolk, a firm but squishy white and a hard shell. If the shell is even slightly cracked during boiling, the white material bubbles out and sets like a tiny mountain chain over the crack – like an archipelago of volcanic islands such as the Hawaiian Islands. But the earth is so much bigger and the mantle below is so much halter.
Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly ‘flow’ like thick treacle. The flow, thought to be in the form of convection currents, is powerful enough to fracture the ‘eggshell’ of the crust into plates, and keep them bumping and grinding against each other, or even overlapping, at the rate of a few centimetres a year. These fracture zones, where the collisions occur, are where earthquakes happen. And, very often, volcanoes.
C These zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots. Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350oC, will start to expand and rise. As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly.
Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma – molten rock from the mantle – inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian’s Wall in northern England). Sometimes – as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa – the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on to the surface in vast thick sheets. In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometres of lava, some of it 2,400 metres thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption.
Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed. It does not have time to cool as it surges upwards. The gases trapped inside the boiling rock expand suddenly, the lava glows with heat, it begins to froth, and it explodes with tremendous force. Then the slightly cooler lava following it begins to flow over the lip of the crater. It happens on Mars, it happened on the moon, it even happens on some of the moons of Jupiter and Uranus. By studying the evidence, volcanologists can read the force of the great blasts of the past. Is the pumice light and full of holes? The explosion was tremendous. Are the rocks heavy, with huge crystalline basalt shapes, like the Giant’s Causeway in Northern Ireland? It was a slow, gentle eruption.
The biggest eruption are deep on the mid-ocean floor, where new lava is forcing the continents apart and widening the Atlantic by perhaps five centimetres a year. Look at maps of volcanoes, earthquakes and island chains like the Philippines and Japan, and you can see the rough outlines of what are called tectonic plates – the plates which make up the earth’s crust and mantle. The most dramatic of these is the Pacific ‘ring of fire’ where there have the most violent explosions – Mount Pinatubo near Manila, Mount St Helen’s in the Rockies and El Chichón in Mexico about a decade ago, not to mention world-shaking blasts like Krakatoa in the Sunda Straits in 1883.
D But volcanoes are not very predictable. That is because geological time is not like human time. During quiet periods, volcanoes cap themselves with their own lava by forming a powerful cone from the molten rocks slopping over the rim of the crater; later the lava cools slowly into a huge, hard, stable plug which blocks any further eruption until the pressure below becomes irresistible. In the case of Mount Pinatubo, this took 600 years.
Then, sometimes, with only a small warning, the mountain blows its top. It did this at Mont Pelée in Martinique at 7.49 a.m. on 8 May, 1902. Of a town of 28,000, only two people survived. In 1815, a sudden blast removed the top 1,280 metres of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. The eruption was so fierce that dust thrown into the stratosphere darkened the skies, canceling the following summer in Europe and North America. Thousands starved as the harvest failed, after snow in June and frosts in August. Volcanoes are potentially world news, especially the quiet ones.
试题解析:
首先,本题没有给出例子,考生需要提前判定的就是明确有几个干扰项,即有多少个选项是用不上的。通过分析,可以得出本题有四个题目,6个选项,也就是说有2个干扰项。
其次,通过分析所有的选项,我们可以发现几乎每个选项都含有相同的表达“volcanic eruption”,正好符合文章的标题。这样的词或词组应该是文章的主题,会在文章各个段落中反复出现,就不太适合作为各个section的关键词。那么每个section在判定时就应该以其他词作为重要关键词。本题中每一个选项的合适关键词如下:
i Causes of volcanic eruption
ii Efforts to predict volcanic eruption
iii Volcanoes and the features of our planet
iv Different types of volcanic eruption
v International relief efforts
vi The unpredictability of volcanic eruptions
第一个选项含有causes,也就是表达原因之意。根据雅思文章的行文结构特色,文章的中部段落倾向于分析原因。这样,考生可以大致预测该选项倾向于文章的中部段落。
第二个选项含有predict,最后一个选项含有unpredictability, 两个选项构成了相反关系,说明这两个选项中至少有一个为正确答案。这种类型的选项出题方式在雅思标题题中非常常见,因此考生在做题时应多观察是否有这样的特点。此外,predict和unpredictability都有预测的相关意思。根据雅思文章的行文结构特色,文章的尾部段落倾向于预测或展望未来。如此一来,考生可以大致预测这两个选项都倾向于文章的尾部段落。
第三个选项侧重于我们的星球的特征,所谓我们的星球既是指地球,在回原文分析时要侧重看一看是否提到地球的一些特征。
第四个选项侧重于不同种类的火山爆发。该选项属于高度总结概括的选项,倾向于正确答案。
第五个选项意为国际救灾努力,需回原文关注是否提到这方面信息。
接下来开始分析原文每一个section。考生应重点关注每个小段的首尾句,略读中间部分。只要有关键词对应,即能确认该section的小标题。同时也应注意观察是否有段落符合在分析选项时的预判。
Section A
雅思文章在行文上往往开门见山,也就是文章的开头段落往往直入主题,明确告诉读者文章的中心内容会讲什么。Section A包含四个小的分段,前两个小段是对volcano下了一个定义,告诉读者火山是什么。第三个小段,明确提出火山形成了陆地,空气和水。这三个元素明显涉及到地球的特征,尤其是水,现今仍几乎是所有已知星球中唯有地球有丰富储量的元素。因而,Section A所对应的小标题应该是iii。同时,考生应养成习惯,将所用过的选项划去。
Section B
这个section包含两个小段,虽然短,但用词比较生僻,词汇量较薄弱的考生尤其不易判定具体选择哪一个正确选项。考试中遇到这种情况,可暂时放下,本篇文章只有两个干扰项,并不算多。因此,在做完其他段落之后,拐回头用排除法再确定这个小段的合适选项,不失为一个合适的做题方法。
该section首句提出地球有三个部分构成:地核,地幔和地壳。其后以半熟的鸡蛋为例分析了火山爆发的原理。鸡蛋正好也是由三个部分构成,蛋黄(对应地核),蛋白(对应地幔)以及蛋壳(对应地壳)。如果,鸡蛋壳破了,众所周知,蛋白就会流出来。同样原理,在地球板块碰撞的情况下,地壳也会破裂,地幔就会喷发出来,也就是火山爆发了。所以该段对应选项i。也符合对于选项i中含有cause的预判。
Section C
此section包含四个小段。在分析各个小段过程中,通过每个小段首句的分析,可以得出这四个小段是个并列关系的组合。第一小段首句承接上一段,得出这些区域是一些脆弱且炎热的地带。第二小段首句解释有时候它非常慢。考生可能会对it指代什么感到疑惑。但是在读到第三小段首句之后,就能理解了。第三小段首句指出有时候火山的熔岩移动的非常快。明显和上一段并列,也指出it指代的就是熔岩。最后一个小段指出最大的火山爆发发生在海底。由此对应剩余选项,考生可轻易发现iv为正确答案。也符合高度总结概括的选项倾向于答案的推定。
Section D
根据预判,最后一个section很有可能在ii和vi中决定。Section D首句即为一个转折词but。这类词后应做为重点来分析。考生可以很容易理解首句意思,火山不太能够被预测。再对应选项,最终vi应是正确答案。
3、选择题
雅思阅读中的选择题有两种主要形式:一种是四选一,即“单项选择题”,(Multiple choice) 另一种是“多选多”(Pick from a list),即“多项选择题”。
除了通常位于文章末尾的multiple choice 题型考察考生对全文大意的理解之外,其余的都是要建立在对文章细节的理解之上的。
多项选择题的答案大都是出现在1-2个小段之内(最多不超过4段)。所以考生只要定位到了相关的段落并进行略读,根据题干要求找到答案。
3.选择项以同义转换为表现形式选择题的选项部分,通常是将文章的语言进行近义词或同义句形式进行转换。
由于选择题考察细节的特点,故题干中的词往往能够提供定位,方便考生在文章中把所对应的句子或段落找出来。
例:In the first paragraph the writer makes the point that blind people (剑4,Test 1, Q27)
这道题目中,明显有两处定位:一处是first paragraph,另一处是blind people,故只需要在第一段找到blind people,就能找出题目所对应的句子了。
例:Which THREE of the following statements are true of Johnson’s Dictionary? (剑5 Test 1 Q1-3)因为文章的题目就叫Johnson’s Dictionary,故这道题目根本没有定位词。那么这种题目很难下手,建议放到最后来做。把其它的题目都做完之后,再根据其选项大致推测出所在文章的范围。
因为选项提供了对原文正确或者是错误的同义转换,所以在寻找正确答案之前,一定要事先通读选项。
由于选择项的干扰性往往很强,所以对找到的相关句子或段落一定要进行仔细阅读,排除错误选项。甄别干扰项这一步骤是考生解题的关键,很多考生在往往对几个选项犹豫不决,经常跳进题目的陷阱。一般说来,干扰项有如下几个类别:
①相似陷阱
如果题目中出现的个别单词与原文中的用词一模一样,尤其是一些经常被同义
替换掉的动词、形容词等,这个选项很有可能是干扰选项,考生应仔细对比分析其
有时在是中,选项中虽然与文中有对应或相似的词或表达,但选项中偷换了关键性的成分(如谓语部分),使得答案表达错误。
这种选项的特点是:选项本身是正确的,但是跟题干却不能形成搭配关系。
4、判断题
雅思阅读有所谓的“小三理论”,就是大家在做雅思阅读的时候,需要注意的三种素质:首先是三看,做题之前,标题、插图和每段的第一句话必须得看,把文章的主要思想和每段的大致重点把握个十有八九,这样做题的时候才有分寸;其次是三力,三种能力分别是4000-6000左右的词汇量和高中的语法能力;一般以上的常识判断能力;以及具备一定的逻辑推理能力;最后是三度,分别指的是划关键词的准确度、回原文定位的速度和对同义词替换的敏感度。烤鸭们可以参照各自的做题经验,找到属于自己的短板和瓶颈,再有针对性的做一些专项训练。
现在主要说说所谓逻辑推理能力。这一概念乍一听有些玄,其实实质内容很好理解,就是涉及到阅读文章的题目和原文的复合句中的连词和介词短语影射出来的两句话或两个短语之间的逻辑关系,即两者是方向一致(均为positive或均为negative),抑或方向相反。具体的表现方式为:
并列、递进(and/or; also/besides/in addition/furthermore)连接两句话,逻辑方向一致;转折、让步(but/however/whereas/yet; although/even if/though/while/despite/in spite of)连接两句话,逻辑方向相反;因果(because/for/as/since/due to/owing to/originate from/result from; so/therefore/as a result/as a consequence/result in/lead to/cause/contribute to)逻辑方向一致。
实例讲解:Eg:1.剑4 P45 Q10 Lost for Words判断题干S:The Navajo language will die out because it currently has too few speakers.(下划线为关键词)原文P: Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150000 speakers.
解析:原文的表示让步的介词despite 为解题关键,前半部分说Navajo这种语言面临灭绝危险,逻辑方向为负向,即为negative;despite将方向逆转,则说明后半部分“having 150000 speakers”中的150000说此种语言的人数是很多的,同题干中的too few矛盾,固答案为FALSE.此题如果没有despite的转折作用,150000的数量因为没有相对的比照和参考,我们是无法判断到底是多还是少的。
Eg 2. 剑6第43页Q11 Advantages of Public Transport配对题干: Perth 选项F: inefficient due to a limited public transport system原文:Perth is a perfect example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs.
解析:原文中minimal同选项中limited属于同义替换。而既然前半句的意思是Perth这个城市的公共交通是全国最少的,此句话的逻辑方向应该是负向的。As a result作为表因果关系的连词,其连接的后半句的逻辑方向应当也是负向的,故而得出结论: 这个城市的居民花掉17%的钱来作为交通成本,那这个城市的交通效率应当是较为低下的,可以推理出次句对应选项中inefficient一词.
虽然逻辑推理在做题时非常重要,但是同学们做题时一定要注意谨防推理过度。先做我们来举一个较为浅显的例子。有一篇阅读文章是热议80后相亲热的,其中有一道判断题题干为:
题1:The man who met Grace in the party is not very handsome.
另一道题题干为:
题2:Grace did not like the man she knew from the party.
文:According to Grace, The man she talked with in the party is really nice despite his appearance.
第一题根据逻辑推理,应该不难判断,答案是TRUE,因为原文中despite一词的转折作用告诉我们这位男士的外貌应该是不怎么样的;
第二题有很多同学会误选成TRUE或FALSE;但只要仔细推敲,选择这两个答案的理由都是推理过度了,选TRUE的同学误以为既然男孩人长的不好看,自然就不喜欢人家了,此处犯的错误是误将做题人自己生活中的经验和价值观强加在题中,属于“外貌协会”人士的典型错误;选FALSE的同学只看重原文的前半句,既然这男孩很nice,那自然就喜欢人家了,管他长相好不好看呢,况且despite只是让步,并不是句中的重点信息,强调的还是nice这一优点。殊不知,原文中只是客观地告诉了读者Grace对于男生的整体印象,至于她喜欢还是不喜欢他,从当句话是不能得出任何结论的,所以答案为NG.
如果大家对逻辑推理产生了些许兴趣的话,可以打开剑桥6的46页,用这一方法做一下14-22题。文章标题为 Greying Population Stays in the Pink,只要同学们留意文章的标题和第一句话,就不难发现整篇文章的逻辑方向应该都是Positive的,说到老年人越来越健康、快乐和独立了。那么14-22这道选择类摘要题中的文字应当从逻辑方向上也是Positive的,所以很多题的答案根据连接词和上下文,就不难直接做出判断,不用回原文寻找了。
1. 表转折:
but, however, yet, in fact, on the other hand;
A, but B: 否定A而肯定B,则A,B两部分内容是相反的。
例如:Computerized data storage and electronic mail were to have heralded the paper less office. But, contrary to expectations, paper consumption throughout the world shows no sign of abating .
解释:paper less 表示负向,则but后no sign of abating 表示正向,所以abating是表示负向的词。
总结:此种方法有利于在不认识单词的前提下读懂句子意思,很有帮助,但一定要练习,而且要敏感。
练习:The marginal costs of generating electricity from nuclear energy may be tiny, but , as the technology now stands, huge and uncertain costs are involved in building the power stations, dealing with spent fuel, and decommissioning.
2. 表让步:
(1)although:although A, B:尽管有A,B还是出现了(A,B互不影响)若A是正,那B就是负的。
例如:Although the world regards Asia as the focus of an economic and industrial miracle, without adequate supplies of food, Lampe says, chaos could easily result in many countries.
解释:miracle奇迹,表正向,则but后的chaos是一个表负向的词。
(2)while:五个含义:
A. although:虽然,尽管
B. as long as:只要
C. whereas, but:表转折
D.when:当。。。的时候
E. n. 表一段时间
例如:While ducks offer many advantages over hens, they must be given greater quality of food, especially if regular eggs are desired.
(3)Albeit:尽管,虽然
例如:Albeit true but not now.
3. 表并列:A and B
A...and B...
(2) 当A、B都比较复杂时,应该从最后一项找起,根据B的形式到前文找到A
例如:The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.
解释:此句话中共有四个and ,第一个and 并列of 结构,第二个and 并列fumes和toxic,第三个and并列taxicabs, lorries 和buses, 第四个and并列full of …, torn by… 和thronged…
4 表递进:没有转折的意思,后项承接上文。
A furthermore B
A moreover B
A besides B
A为正向,B 仍为正向。
(1) first, then, next, later on, finally
(2) 1st, 2nd, 3rd…
(3) in the first place, in the second place…
(4) before…, after…
(5) once, until, as soon as,…
一、 类型
1. 人名及理论
1. 人名及理论
List of headings
注意:
2. 任何选项在真实考试中都只有一次选项,首先将example选项划去
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